In the 2015–16 season, Pettersson made his professional debut with Timrå IK of HockeyAllsvenskan, Sweden's second-highest professional league. His debut was delayed due to a knee injury. As an elite player, it was considered unusual for Pettersson to join Timrå instead of a team in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). In his second season, Pettersson placed second on the team in scoring with 41 points in 43 games. Unable to help Timrå IK gain promotion, Pettersson signed a three-year contract with the Växjö Lakers of the top tier SHL, on 6 April 2017.
Pettersson was ranked second among European skaters by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau in his first year of eligibility for the 2017 NHL Entry Draft. He was selected as the first Swedish player taken in the draft, fifth overall, by the Vancouver Canucks, joining former linemate and Canucks prospect Jonathan Dahlén on 23 June 2017. It was speculated the Canucks drafted Pettersson based partly on highly successful chemistry with Dahlén on the top line for Timrå IK, where they finished fifth and ninth in league scoring as teenagers. The two scored on the first shift they ever played together in Sweden.
While still a junior player, Pettersson dominated the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) in his 2017–18 rookie season. In 44 games played, he led the league in both points scored and in +/− at the end of the regular season, with 56 points and +27 respectively. He also scored 24 goals, second in the league behind Frölunda's Victor Olofsson. In the penultimate game of the 2017–18 season, Pettersson recorded four points to reach 55 points for the season. In the season final regular season game, Pettersson set a new record for most points by a junior in a single SHL season (56), previously set by Kent Nilsson in 1975–76.

Pettersson went on to lead the playoffs in both goal-scoring, points, and +/−, with 10 goals, 19 points, and +17 in 13 games played. Scoring four game-winning goals, he led Växjö Lakers to the team's second Le Mat Trophy. In the regular season and the playoffs combined, Pettersson scored 34 goals and 41 assists, for a total of 75 points in 57 games played. In April 2018, Pettersson was awarded the Stefan Liv Memorial Trophy as the SHL playoffs' MVP. All 14 jury members voted unanimously for Pettersson for the first time in the award's nine-year history. At the SHL Awards, Pettersson was named Rookie of the Year and Forward of the Year. While playing in the SHL, Pettersson acquired several nicknames, including "Alien", a nickname that also took hold in Vancouver.
On 25 May 2018, the Canucks signed Pettersson to a three-year entry-level contract. On 3 October 2018, Pettersson made his NHL debut against the Calgary Flames. Pettersson scored his first career goal against goaltender Mike Smith, and also recorded an assist in a 5–2 Canucks win. On 13 October 201…

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Pettersson competed for Sweden in the 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, winning silver. Despite being limited to just five games, due to a broken thumb, Pettersson would go on to win a gold medal with Team Sweden at the 2018 IIHF World Championship.

On 9 May 2019, Pettersson was included on the roster to return for a second successive tournament with Sweden at the 2019 World Championships held in Bratislava, Slovakia.

==Personal life== On 7 August 2019, Pettersson was named the cover athlete for the Swedish edition of EA Sports' ice hockey video game NHL 20. In the offseason, Pettersson lives in Stockholm. In 2023, Pettersson was defrauded by a real estate agent in Sweden. The broker in the deal has since been sentenced to six years in jail and charged with fraud.